admindeepak 
Any person who commits an illegal act with a guilty intention or commits a crime is called a criminal. In this context, any person who commits a cyber crime is known as a cyber criminal. The cyber criminals may be children and adolescents; they may be organized hackers, may be professional hackers or crackers, discontented … Read more
A disciple asked his Sage, “what is cause and effect?” The Sage reacted aggressively and slapped the disciple’s face. The wounded disciple kept quiet. After some time, seeing the wound of his disciple, the Sage asked the disciple to “show the slap”. The disciple pointed at his wound, and the sage said that, the wound … Read more
The rapid development of information technology posed certain challenges for the law that are not confined to a particular category of law, but arise in diverse areas of law, such as criminal law, intellectual property law, contract and tort. Of late, owing to the rapid development of the internet and the World Wide Web, various … Read more
Estoppel by Matter of Record or Estoppel by Res Judicata Estoppel by record means nothing more generally than that the matter is res Judicata. It belongs more properly to the province of the pure procedure and is so dealt with in the Indian legislation. Res judicata is an estoppels by judgment. It embraces all those … Read more
The principle of constructive res judicata emerges from Explanation IV when read with Explanation III both of which explain the concept of “matter directly and substantially in issue”. Explanation III clarifies that a matter is directly and substantially in issue, when it is alleged by one party and denied or admitted (expressly or impliedly) by … Read more
Law is a system of rules that are enforced through social institutions to govern behaviour. Laws can be made by a collective legislature or by a single legislator, resulting in statutes, by the executive through decrees and regulations, or by judges through binding precedent, normally in common law jurisdictions. A general distinction can be made … Read more
Doctrine of Pith and Substance says that where the question arises of determining whether a particular law relates to a particular subject (mentioned in one List or another), the court looks to the substance of the matter. Thus, if the substance falls within Union List, then the incidental encroachment by the law on the State List … Read more
The law for estoppel or the rule of exclusion of certain evidence under certain circumstances, like between tenant and landlord, licensee of person in possession and licensor (s. 116), or as between acceptor and drawer of a bill of exchange, as between Bailee and bailor and licensor and license (s. 117). Estoppel is a procedure … Read more
Caveat emptor is a combination of two Latin words. Caveat means caution or warning or beware; and Emptor means the buyer, the purchaser. Caveat emptor means: Let the purchaser beware. It is a disclaimer of liability for buyer’s disappointment. It is one of the settled maxims, applying to a purchaser who is bound by actual … Read more
The doctrine of res judicata is often treated as a branch of the law of estoppel. Res judicata is really estoppel by verdict or estoppel by judgment. Even then the doctrine of res judicata differs in essential particulars from the doctrine of estoppel. Res Judicata results from a decision of the court, whereas, estoppel flows … Read more